TY - JOUR
T1 - The effect of vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptoms in adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
AU - Mikola, Tuomas
AU - Marx, Wolfgang
AU - Lane, Melissa M.
AU - Hockey, Meghan
AU - Loughman, Amy
AU - Rajapolvi, Sanna
AU - Rocks, Tetyana
AU - O’Neil, Adrienne
AU - Mischoulon, David
AU - Valkonen-Korhonen, Minna
AU - Lehto, Soili M.
AU - Ruusunen, Anu
N1 - Funding Information:
AL has received grants, fellowships and research support from the University of New South Wales, the University of Melbourne, RMIT University, Deakin University, the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australian Academy of Science, National Institutes of Health (NIH), and The Jack Brockhoff Foundation. AL has received honoraria and travel funds from Sydney University, the University of Technology Sydney, American Epilepsy Society, Epilepsy Society of Australia, International Human Microbiome Congress, European Society of Neurogastroenterology, Australian and New Zealand College of Anesthetists, Falk Foundation and Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS).
Funding Information:
TM has received grants from The Finnish Medical Foundation (grant number 4120) and The Juho Vainio Foundation (grant number 202100353).
Funding Information:
TR has received grants, fellowships and research support from University of the Sunshine Coast, Australian Postgraduate Awards, Fernwood Foundation, Wilson Foundation, Robertsa Family Foundation, and Be Fit Food. TR received consultancy, honoraria and travel funds from Oxford University Press, the University of Melbourne, the University of Sydney, Bond University, University of Southern Queensland, Dietitians Association of Australia, Nutrition Society of Australia, The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Black Dog Institute, Australian Rotary Health, Australian Disease Management Association, Department of Health and Human Services, Primary Health Networks, Barwon Health, West Gippsland Healthcare Group, Central West Gippsland Primary Care Partnership, Parkdale College, City of Greater Geelong and Global Age.
Funding Information:
SR has been funded by the Doctoral School of the University of Eastern Finland. Previously she has received grants from the Finnish Cultural Foundation and travel grants from the Finnish Association for the Study of Obesity and the Finnish Society for Nutrition Research.
Funding Information:
WM is currently funded by an Alfred Deakin Postdoctoral Research Fellowship and a Multiple Sclerosis Research Australia early-career fellowship. He has previously received funding from the NHMRC, Clifford Craig Foundation, Cancer Council Queensland and university grants/fellowships from La Trobe University, Deakin University, University of Queensland, and Bond University, received industry funding and has attended events funded by Cobram Estate Pty. Ltd, received travel funding from Nutrition Society of Australia, received consultancy funding from Nutrition Research Australia, and has received speakers honoraria from The Cancer Council Queensland and the Princess Alexandra Research Foundation.
Funding Information:
MH is supported by an Australian Rotary Health PhD Scholarship and has received research support from The a2 Milk Company.
Funding Information:
MML is supported by a Deakin University Scholarship and has received research funding support from Be Fit Foods.
Funding Information:
AO is supported by a Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellow (#101160) from the Heart Foundation, Australia.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
PY - 2023
Y1 - 2023
N2 - Neurosteroid and immunological actions of vitamin D may regulate depression-linked physiology. Meta‐analyses investigating the effect of vitamin D on depression have been inconsistent. This meta-analysis investigated the efficacy of vitamin D in reducing depressive symptoms among adults in randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCT). General and clinical populations, and studies of ill individuals with systemic diseases were included. Light therapy, co-supplementation (except calcium) and bipolar disorder were exclusionary. Databases Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL and The Cochrane Library were searched to identify relevant articles in English published before April 2022. Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB 2) and GRADE were used to appraise studies. Forty-one RCTs (n = 53,235) were included. Analyses based on random-effects models were performed with the Comprehensive Meta-analysis Software. Results for main outcome (n = 53,235) revealed a positive effect of vitamin D on depressive symptoms (Hedges’ g = −0.317, 95% CI [−0.405, −0.230], p < 0.001, I2 = 88.16%; GRADE: very low certainty). RoB assessment was concerning in most studies. Notwithstanding high heterogeneity, vitamin D supplementation ≥ 2,000 IU/day appears to reduce depressive symptoms. Future research should investigate possible benefits of augmenting standard treatments with vitamin D in clinical depression. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020149760. Funding: Finnish Medical Foundation, grant 4120 and Juho Vainio Foundation, grant 202100353.
AB - Neurosteroid and immunological actions of vitamin D may regulate depression-linked physiology. Meta‐analyses investigating the effect of vitamin D on depression have been inconsistent. This meta-analysis investigated the efficacy of vitamin D in reducing depressive symptoms among adults in randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCT). General and clinical populations, and studies of ill individuals with systemic diseases were included. Light therapy, co-supplementation (except calcium) and bipolar disorder were exclusionary. Databases Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL and The Cochrane Library were searched to identify relevant articles in English published before April 2022. Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB 2) and GRADE were used to appraise studies. Forty-one RCTs (n = 53,235) were included. Analyses based on random-effects models were performed with the Comprehensive Meta-analysis Software. Results for main outcome (n = 53,235) revealed a positive effect of vitamin D on depressive symptoms (Hedges’ g = −0.317, 95% CI [−0.405, −0.230], p < 0.001, I2 = 88.16%; GRADE: very low certainty). RoB assessment was concerning in most studies. Notwithstanding high heterogeneity, vitamin D supplementation ≥ 2,000 IU/day appears to reduce depressive symptoms. Future research should investigate possible benefits of augmenting standard treatments with vitamin D in clinical depression. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020149760. Funding: Finnish Medical Foundation, grant 4120 and Juho Vainio Foundation, grant 202100353.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85133725481&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1080/10408398.2022.2096560
DO - 10.1080/10408398.2022.2096560
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85133725481
SN - 1040-8398
VL - 63
SP - 11784
EP - 11801
JO - Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
JF - Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
IS - 33
ER -