Profiling paramedic job tasks, injuries, and physical fitness: A scoping review

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this review was to identify, collect, appraise, and synthesise research profiling paramedic job tasks, injuries sustained, and current fitness levels, to guide optimal workplace performance and enhance injury mitigation efforts.

METHODS: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Scoping Reviews, four databases (PubMed, SPORTdiscus, CINAHL, and Embase) were searched using key search terms (derivatives of 'paramedic' and 'injury', 'physical fitness' and 'tasks'). Identified records were screened against eligibility criteria with remaining studies critically appraised.

RESULTS: Of 1675 identified records, 33 were retained. Musculoskeletal injuries exhibited the highest mean injury rate, with sprains and strains the predominant nature of injury, and the back the most frequently injured body part. Among paramedics, handling stretchers and equipment posed the most challenging tasks while for Emergency Medical Services patient extraction was the most physically and mentally demanding task. Male paramedics were generally stronger with more muscular endurance, but less flexibility, than female paramedics. Older paramedics displayed lower levels of strength and flexibility.

CONCLUSION: Tasks involving stretcher handling and patient extraction are reported as being most strenuous for paramedics leading to musculoskeletal injuries, particularly sprains, strains, and back injuries.