Perceived constraint and negotiation of Chinese outbound senior tourists

Senior tourists often face more travel barriers than non-seniors due to deteriorating health and mobility (Fleischer & Pizam, Citation2002), especially in long-haul travel. However, they may apply negotiation strategies to overcome constraints (Kay & Jackson, Citation1991). Exploring seniors’ travel constraints and negotiation strategies is essential to understanding their tourism participation. Researchers have sought to illustrate such constraints, including the following: the complexity of travel decisions, poor health, high travel expenses, and limited time (Fleischer & Pizam, Citation2002; Kazeminia, Del Chiappa, & Jafari, Citation2015; Nyaupane, McMabe, & Andereck, Citation2008). Identified negotiation strategies include reducing physical exertion, purchasing travel health insurance, or visiting feasible destinations (Kazeminia et al., Citation2015; Nimrod, Citation2008). However, relevant research has been mostly exploratory. Considering the physical and psychological requirements of overseas travel, senior tourists’ perceived constraints and negotiation strategies in this respect remain ambiguous.