Paddle-to-podium: A constraints-led approach to sprint-paddle training in competitive Australian female surfers

Female surfing is evolving rapidly with increasing expectations for athletes aspiring to qualify for the Olympics and World Championship Tour. Sprint paddling is a critical component of surfing performance, and paddling velocity in a pool setting has been shown to be a strong predictor of competition level in the ocean environment. Therefore, this study aimed to enhance sprint paddling performance among female surfers through a technique training intervention utilising a constraints-led approach. Experimental design included baseline testing prior to a 6-week control period, assessments pre and post the approximately 6-week training intervention, and a 6-week non-trained retention period with a final follow-up testing session. Pool-based testing consisted of a 15-m sprint-paddle test with video analysis for spatiotemporal data, a 12-s paddling force test, and a perception of paddling proficiency questionnaire. Additionally, internal and external shoulder strength and range of motion, and a 1RM maximum pull-up test were assessed in the gym. The training intervention applied Newell's Model of Constraints by manipulating task constraints to enhance paddling technique. Results showed significant improvements in sprint time to 15 m (PRE: M = 10.79 ± 0.40 s, POST: M = 10.50 ± 0.32 s) and average velocities (PRE: M = 1.57 ± 0.07 m/s, POST: M = 1.63 ± 0.04 m/s), stroke efficiency (decreased stroke count and increased stroke length), maximal and average force in the pool, and perceived paddling proficiency. These findings suggest that coaches should integrate this novel training into the daily training environment to continue to advance female surfing performance.