TY - JOUR
T1 - Motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: A unified framework
AU - Moustafa, Ahmed A.
AU - Chakravarthy, Srinivasa
AU - Phillips, Joseph R.
AU - Gupta, Ankur
AU - Keri, Szabolcs
AU - Polner, Bertalan
AU - Frank, Michael J.
AU - Jahanshahi, Marjan
PY - 2016/9/1
Y1 - 2016/9/1
N2 - Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a range of motor symptoms. Besides the cardinal symptoms (akinesia and bradykinesia, tremor and rigidity), PD patients show additional motor deficits, including: gait disturbance, impaired handwriting, grip force and speech deficits, among others. Some of these motor symptoms (e.g., deficits of gait, speech, and handwriting) have similar clinical profiles, neural substrates, and respond similarly to dopaminergic medication and deep brain stimulation (DBS). Here, we provide an extensive review of the clinical characteristics and neural substrates of each of these motor symptoms, to highlight precisely how PD and its medical and surgical treatments impact motor symptoms. In conclusion, we offer a unified framework for understanding the range of motor symptoms in PD. We argue that various motor symptoms in PD reflect dysfunction of neural structures responsible for action selection, motor sequencing, and coordination and execution of movement.
AB - Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a range of motor symptoms. Besides the cardinal symptoms (akinesia and bradykinesia, tremor and rigidity), PD patients show additional motor deficits, including: gait disturbance, impaired handwriting, grip force and speech deficits, among others. Some of these motor symptoms (e.g., deficits of gait, speech, and handwriting) have similar clinical profiles, neural substrates, and respond similarly to dopaminergic medication and deep brain stimulation (DBS). Here, we provide an extensive review of the clinical characteristics and neural substrates of each of these motor symptoms, to highlight precisely how PD and its medical and surgical treatments impact motor symptoms. In conclusion, we offer a unified framework for understanding the range of motor symptoms in PD. We argue that various motor symptoms in PD reflect dysfunction of neural structures responsible for action selection, motor sequencing, and coordination and execution of movement.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84978904017&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.010
DO - 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.010
M3 - Review article
C2 - 27422450
AN - SCOPUS:84978904017
SN - 0149-7634
VL - 68
SP - 727
EP - 740
JO - Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
JF - Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
ER -