TY - JOUR
T1 - GRADE guidelines
T2 - 12. Preparing Summary of Findings tables - Binary outcomes
AU - Guyatt, Gordon H.
AU - Oxman, Andrew D.
AU - Santesso, Nancy
AU - Helfand, Mark
AU - Vist, Gunn
AU - Kunz, Regina
AU - Brozek, Jan
AU - Norris, Susan
AU - Meerpohl, Joerg
AU - Djulbegovic, Ben
AU - Alonso-Coello, Pablo
AU - Post, Piet N.
AU - Busse, Jason W.
AU - Glasziou, Paul
AU - Christensen, Robin
AU - Schünemann, Holger J.
PY - 2013/2
Y1 - 2013/2
N2 - Summary of Findings (SoF) tables present, for each of the seven (or fewer) most important outcomes, the following: the number of studies and number of participants; the confidence in effect estimates (quality of evidence); and the best estimates of relative and absolute effects. Potentially challenging choices in preparing SoF table include using direct evidence (which may have very few events) or indirect evidence (from a surrogate) as the best evidence for a treatment effect. If a surrogate is chosen, it must be labeled as substituting for the corresponding patient-important outcome. Another such choice is presenting evidence from low-quality randomized trials or high-quality observational studies. When in doubt, a reasonable approach is to present both sets of evidence; if the two bodies of evidence have similar quality but discrepant results, one would rate down further for inconsistency. For binary outcomes, relative risks (RRs) are the preferred measure of relative effect and, in most instances, are applied to the baseline or control group risks to generate absolute risks. Ideally, the baseline risks come from observational studies including representative patients and identifying easily measured prognostic factors that define groups at differing risk. In the absence of such studies, relevant randomized trials provide estimates of baseline risk. When confidence intervals (CIs) around the relative effect include no difference, one may simply state in the absolute risk column that results fail to show a difference, omit the point estimate and report only the CIs, or add a comment emphasizing the uncertainty associated with the point estimate.
AB - Summary of Findings (SoF) tables present, for each of the seven (or fewer) most important outcomes, the following: the number of studies and number of participants; the confidence in effect estimates (quality of evidence); and the best estimates of relative and absolute effects. Potentially challenging choices in preparing SoF table include using direct evidence (which may have very few events) or indirect evidence (from a surrogate) as the best evidence for a treatment effect. If a surrogate is chosen, it must be labeled as substituting for the corresponding patient-important outcome. Another such choice is presenting evidence from low-quality randomized trials or high-quality observational studies. When in doubt, a reasonable approach is to present both sets of evidence; if the two bodies of evidence have similar quality but discrepant results, one would rate down further for inconsistency. For binary outcomes, relative risks (RRs) are the preferred measure of relative effect and, in most instances, are applied to the baseline or control group risks to generate absolute risks. Ideally, the baseline risks come from observational studies including representative patients and identifying easily measured prognostic factors that define groups at differing risk. In the absence of such studies, relevant randomized trials provide estimates of baseline risk. When confidence intervals (CIs) around the relative effect include no difference, one may simply state in the absolute risk column that results fail to show a difference, omit the point estimate and report only the CIs, or add a comment emphasizing the uncertainty associated with the point estimate.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84871279516&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.01.012
DO - 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2012.01.012
M3 - Article
C2 - 22609141
AN - SCOPUS:84871279516
SN - 0895-4356
VL - 66
SP - 158
EP - 172
JO - Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
JF - Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
IS - 2
ER -