TY - JOUR
T1 - Germ Cell Testicular Cancer Incidence, Latitude and Sunlight Associations in the United States and Australia
AU - Biggar, Robert J.
AU - Baade, Peter D.
AU - Sun, Jiandong
AU - Brandon, Lindsay E.
AU - Kimlin, Michael
N1 - Funding Information:
Australian cancer data were provided after review and approval by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. U.S. state data were provided after review and exemption by North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. SEER data were accessible from publically available data on the Internet. No outside funding was used for this manuscript.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 The American Society of Photobiology
PY - 2016/9/1
Y1 - 2016/9/1
N2 - International patterns suggest germ cell testicular cancer (GCTC) incidence may be lower in lower latitudes. To investigate this possibility, we examined GCTC incidence by latitude (population centroid in 2000) for men ≥15 years within two reasonably homogeneous countries, the United States and Australia. In the United States, we examined age-adjusted incidence/latitude trends using data from states (2001–2010) and local-area registries (1980–2011). In Australia, we evaluated incidence/latitude trends in 61 Statistical Divisions (2000–2009). In U.S. White men (68 566 cases), state incidences increased by latitude, rising 5.74% (4.45–7.05%) per 5°North latitude increment. Similar trends were found for seminoma and nonseminoma subtypes (P < 0.001). In U.S. Black men (2256 cases), the association was also seen (4.9%; 0.2–9.7%). In local U.S. data, similar increases in incidence with latitude were present in each of the last three decades. In Australia (6042 cases), the incidence increased by 4.43% (95% CI: 1.54–7.39%) per 5°South, and trends for subtypes were similar. Thus, we found that incidence of GCTC in both White and Black men increased significantly with distance from the equator, approximately 1% per degree within the range of latitudes studied.
AB - International patterns suggest germ cell testicular cancer (GCTC) incidence may be lower in lower latitudes. To investigate this possibility, we examined GCTC incidence by latitude (population centroid in 2000) for men ≥15 years within two reasonably homogeneous countries, the United States and Australia. In the United States, we examined age-adjusted incidence/latitude trends using data from states (2001–2010) and local-area registries (1980–2011). In Australia, we evaluated incidence/latitude trends in 61 Statistical Divisions (2000–2009). In U.S. White men (68 566 cases), state incidences increased by latitude, rising 5.74% (4.45–7.05%) per 5°North latitude increment. Similar trends were found for seminoma and nonseminoma subtypes (P < 0.001). In U.S. Black men (2256 cases), the association was also seen (4.9%; 0.2–9.7%). In local U.S. data, similar increases in incidence with latitude were present in each of the last three decades. In Australia (6042 cases), the incidence increased by 4.43% (95% CI: 1.54–7.39%) per 5°South, and trends for subtypes were similar. Thus, we found that incidence of GCTC in both White and Black men increased significantly with distance from the equator, approximately 1% per degree within the range of latitudes studied.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84987981744&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1111/php.12617
DO - 10.1111/php.12617
M3 - Article
C2 - 27400420
AN - SCOPUS:84987981744
SN - 0031-8655
VL - 92
SP - 735
EP - 741
JO - Photochemistry and Photobiology
JF - Photochemistry and Photobiology
IS - 5
ER -
