Definitions and use of the teach-back method in healthcare consultations with patients: A systematic review and thematic synthesis

Objective:
To review and synthesise definitions of the teach-back method in the literature. The second aim is to synthesise the barriers, facilitators and perceptions of teach-back use in healthcare consultations with patients.

Methods:
A systematic review and thematic synthesis following Braun and Clarke's method.

Results:
The primary search found 1429 citations and the secondary search added 221 citations. Screening identified 66 citations eligible for data extraction. We contrasted and synthesised operational definitions of the teach-back method. The synthesis generated seven themes related to healthcare provider (HCP) and patient perceptions of teach-back (effectiveness, stigma and time-related perceptions), the universal application of teach-back, patient health outcomes and healthcare provider training.

Discussion:
Operational definitions of the teach-back method varied in the literature and contained implied steps. HCPs and patient perceptions of teach-back operated as both enablers and barriers to its use. HCPs training programs for the teach-back method were identified as beneficial for altering HCPs perceptions about the method and increased its use with patients.

Practice implications:
Standardising operational definitions of the teach-back method can support replicability of research and enhance HCPs communication skills training programs. HCPs training on teach-back use can support the increased use of the technique with broader patient populations.