Conclusion: Globalisation Disrupted or Re-made?

The conclusion summarises the book’s diverse themes. We argue that disruption in globalisation is best understood as “re-made” or “re-globalisation” rather than “de-globalisation” or a permanent fracture. We briefly discuss the drivers of change: from increasing geo-economic rivalry to the US’s gradual retreat from global leadership. We refer to China’s commercial primacy, pandemic-induced supply-chain fragility, institutional paralysis at the WTO, and discuss how middle powers, mega-regionals, and plurilateral initiatives (MPIA, RCEP, CPTPP) are re-making global governance. While de-globalising tendencies create overlapping spheres of influence and strategic decoupling, enduring factor endowments and commercial incentives keep states economically entangled. The chapter concludes that the “Re-made” global future will be pluralistic with multiple contested spheres of power and influence. The “Re-made” globalisation will be contingent on whether emergent institutions can reconcile legitimacy, openness, and resilience.