Assessing Attachment Classification Difference Between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Children: A Systematic Review

This systematic review sought to investigate differences in attachment classification between Indigenous and non-Indigenous children, measures used to determine Indigenous attachment classification, and adjustments made to measurements to ensure relevance to Indigenous participants. Owing to diversity in cultural context and caregiving arrangements between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations, classification differences were expected between cohorts. A systematic search of 5,980 studies was undertaken to investigate attachment classification differences between Indigenous and non-Indigenous infants and children, age 0 to 18 years, in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and America, in which 15 eligible quantitative and qualitative studies were identified and synthesized (N = 3,452). There were no suitable Australian, New Zealand, or Canadian studies utilizing Indigenous samples. The review relied on Native American infant and child samples and found a lack of culturally specific attachment classifications, as studies did not distinguish between Indigenous and non-Indigenous participant classifications. Furthermore, studies did not validate adjustments made to attachment measures or designs to ensure contextual relevance and applicability to Indigenous participants. The review brings to attention the lack of culturally specific attachment measures for Indigenous infants and children. Further research is needed to establish a reliable attachment classification system for use with Indigenous infants and children to ensure a comprehensive and informed understanding of Indigenous caregiving systems and assessment and influence key decisions that impact the wellbeing of Indigenous people.