A scoping review: Occupation-based activities to improve balance in at-risk older adults

Introduction:
Falls are a significant public health concern for older adults, leading to increased hospital admissions, medical expenses, and diminished quality of life. As the population ages, the incidence of falls and their associated consequences continue to rise, with balance impairment being a major factor. Occupational therapy is crucial in addressing fall risks through occupation-based activities that enhance balance and mitigate fall risks in community-dwelling older adults.

Objective:
This review aims to synthesise and evaluate the existing literature on occupation-based activities that enhance balance and reduce fall risk in older adults.

Method:
A scoping review was conducted in August 2023, adhering to the PRISMA-ScR checklist. Comprehensive searches were performed across multiple databases, including PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, and PsycINFO, to identify studies focussing on balance-targeting occupations for adults aged 65 and older. The review applied the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework to analyse the impact of specific interventions on balance and fall risk.

Results:
The search yielded 3333 results, with 15 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Identified activities included sports, dancing, cognitive exercises, aqua-based activities, education, and training related to fall prevention strategies. Improved outcomes included balance, mobility, psychosocial health, quality of life, and overall wellbeing.

Conclusion:
Occupation-based activities promise to improve balance and reduce fall risks in older adults. While current studies support the efficacy of specific occupations, further research is needed to establish comprehensive guidelines. These findings reinforce the role of occupational therapy in supporting successful ageing and promoting independence in daily activities among older adults.