A randomized trial of high-flow oxygen therapy in infants with bronchiolitis

Donna Franklin, Franz E. Babl, Luregn J. Schlapbach, Ed Oakley, Simon Craig, Jocelyn Neutze, Jeremy Furyk, John F. Fraser, Mark Jones, Jennifer A. Whitty, Stuart R. Dalziel, Andreas Schibler*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticleResearchpeer-review

301 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

BACKGROUND High-flow oxygen therapy through a nasal cannula has been increasingly used in infants with bronchiolitis, despite limited high-quality evidence of its efficacy. The efficacy of high-flow oxygen therapy through a nasal cannula in settings other than intensive care units (ICUs) is unclear. METHODS In this multicenter, randomized, controlled trial, we assigned infants younger than 12 months of age who had bronchiolitis and a need for supplemental oxygen therapy to receive either high-flow oxygen therapy (high-flow group) or standard oxygen therapy (standard-therapy group). Infants in the standard-therapy group could receive rescue high-flow oxygen therapy if their condition met criteria for treatment failure. The primary outcome was escalation of care due to treatment failure (defined as meeting =3 of 4 clinical criteria: persistent tachycardia, tachypnea, hypoxemia, and medical review triggered by a hospital early-warning tool). Secondary outcomes included duration of hospital stay, duration of oxygen therapy, and rates of transfer to a tertiary hospital, ICU admission, intubation, and adverse events. RESULTS The analyses included 1472 patients. The percentage of infants receiving escalation of care was 12% (87 of 739 infants) in the high-flow group, as compared with 23% (167 of 733) in the standard-therapy group (risk difference, -11 percentage points; 95% confidence interval, -15 to -7; P<0.001). No significant differences were observed in the duration of hospital stay or the duration of oxygen therapy. In each group, one case of pneumothorax (<1% of infants) occurred. Among the 167 infants in the standard-therapy group who had treatment failure, 102 (61%) had a response to high-flow rescue therapy. CONCLUSIONS Among infants with bronchiolitis who were treated outside an ICU, those who received high-flow oxygen therapy had significantly lower rates of escalation of care due to treatment failure than those in the group that received standard oxygen therapy.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1121-1131
Number of pages11
JournalNew England Journal of Medicine
Volume378
Issue number12
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 22 Mar 2018
Externally publishedYes

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